英语语法大全|现在完成时的结构和用法

（一）基本结构

现在完成时的句子结构一般为：

主语+have/has+过去分词+其他成分

如：

We have already had lunch.

He has been away for a week.

（二）主要用法

1、表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常和谓语动词一起使用的副词有already、just、never、ever、yet等。如：

They have already come back from the museum.

She has already finished her homework.

2、表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并且有可能会继续持续下去。此时，常和谓语动词一起使用的标志性词语主要有for和since，而且此时的谓语动词往往是持续性动词（如stay、keep、wait等）。如：

I have lived here for ten years.

He has kept the clavichord since thirty years ago.

3、表示从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间中反复发生的动作。此时，常和谓语动词一起使用的主要是表频度的副词often、always、seldom、never等，以及表次数的单词或短语（如once、twice、three times）。如：

You have never listened to me like this before.

She has ever been to France.

They have visited the Summer Palace many times.

（三）动词的过去分词

1、规则变化

其变化规则与动词的一般过去时基本相同，主要是在词尾加-ed或-d。具体的有：

1）直接加-ed。如：worked、played。

2）以不发音的e结尾的动词后加-d。如：lived、danced。

3）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词后改y为i，再加-ed。如：studied、cried。

4）以重读闭音节结尾的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed。如：stopped、patted。

2、不规则变化

如果结合动词的过去式，动词的过去分词的不规则变化中，又有一些相对的规则现象。如：

1）AAA型。如：put put put；read read read。其中，read的过去式和过去分词虽然拼写时一样的，但其发音与原形不同，ea不再读作[iː]，而是[e]。

2）AAB型。如：beat beat beaten 

3）ABB型。如：keep kept kept；sit sat sat

4）ABC型。如：lie lay lain；drink drank drunk

5）ABA型。如：run ran run；come came come

（四）标志性词语

1、副词already、just、never、ever、yet等。如：

She hasn't arrived in Scotland yet.

They have just left for Shanghai.

2、for和since。for+一段时间，since+具体时间。如：

He has learned Italian for five months.

He has learned Italian since five months ago.

3、so far和up to/till now。表示“迄今为止”。如：

So far, no one has heard any news about her.

She has read fifty books up to now.

4、recently、lately等表示“最近；最新”的副词和形容词。如：

I've met her on several occasions recently.

He hasn't had enough sleep lately.

5、in the past/last+一段时间，表示“在过去的...时间里”。如：

In the past few years, new buildings have sprung up all over Beijing.

He had aged rapidly in the last few months.

6、次数。如：

I've tried many times, but there's no way.

He has been there at least twice.

（五）have been to/have gone to/have been in

1、have been to

表示“去过已回”。句子主语就在现场。如：

They have been to Rome many times.

She has been to Shanghai more than once.

2、have gone to

表示“去了未回”。句子主语不在现场。如：

Jerry has gone to Hangzhou.

Mary has gone to Finland.

3、have been in

表示“一直待在某地”。如：

We have been in Beijing for five weeks.

They have been in China since 2012.

（六）短暂性动词和延续性动词

所谓短暂性动词主要是指一旦发生马上就结束的动作，也叫瞬间动词，如die、marry、leave等。而延续性动词主要是指可以一直持续进行的动作，也叫持续性动词，如learn、live、talk等。

两类动词都可以用于现在完成时，但是短暂性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。此时，需要把短暂性动词改为相应的表状态的动词或短语。如：

错误：He has died for ten years.

正确：He has been dead for ten years.

错误：She has married him since five years ago.

正确：She has been married to him since five years ago.

（七）句型转换

因为“have/has done”中的have/has是助动词，所以在进行句型转换中要注意不需要再另外借助助动词do/did/does，而是直接借用have/has。如：

肯定句：He has lived here for the last few years.

否定句：He hasn't lived here for the last few years.

一般疑问句：Has he lived here for the last few years?

特殊疑问句：How long has he lived here?  （划线部分为for the last few years）